Don't miss it! Buy the current issue of the german Astro-Magazine "Sterne- und Weltraum" (SUW 02/20) at a local store or at www.sterne-und-weltraum.de to get the M31 Astro-Poster.
THE STORY: An M31 that fell from the sky
The Andromeda galaxy is an object seen by every amateur astronomer, either with own eyes or as an image. I was particularly fascinated to image our magnificent neighboring galaxy with the RASA 8" - Rowe-Ackermann Schmidt Astrograph (#822252, € 2195,-) under a perfectly dark sky. This was one of the reasons why my way led me to La Palma for one week in October 2019, to do my images at the Athos Centro Astronómico (www.athos.org).
The QHY 163M camera is a perfect fit on the RASA 8" in terms of field size and pixel scale for M31. For a monochrome camera, the Baader FCCT (Filter Changer & Camera Tilter - see also the test report by Michael Jäger: RASA 8" Extreme) was a very important accessory. This special development of a filter changer for the short backfocus of the RASA 8" not only allows a quick exchange of the different filters, but also a sensitive and stable adjustment of the camera against tilting. I used my proven LRGB and UHC-S Baader filters, but added the very first prototypes of the upcoming new Baader f/2 ULTRA-Highspeed Narrowband Filters.
Careful cable routing avoids unwanted spikes on the pictures.
Final preparations: Every optical surface must be clean for the highest possible contrast
After arriving with this instrumentation on La Palma, I was able to set up everything on the first day and was ready to take the raw images of M31. During the setup I paid special attention to the position of the USB- as well as the power cable, which were connected to the QHY-camera. Therefore I led both cables as exactly as possible in a 90° angle in front of the optics to the outside. I fixed the cables with the dew cap heating tape. By this careful preparation I was able to ensure that in the final images beautiful and fine spikes around bright stars could be achieved, which are otherwise only known from reflecting telescopes with high-quality secondary mirror spiders.
In the first clear night I could already start with my project. Via the FCCT the system was perfectly adjusted very quickly, for sharp stars right to all four edges. With every filter change I focused again to get the maximum signal with perfect image quality for every shot. My goal was always to get the most out of M31. The new ULTRA Highspeed filters (coming soon) were a very important help for this, to be able to display the depth of color in the galaxy.
For the exposures in Luminance, UHC-S, R, G and B I chose a single exposure time of only 180 seconds each, due to the extremely fast aperture ratio of f/2 - despite the exceptionally dark night sky on La Palma. For the H-alpha and O-III data I exposed 300 seconds each.
f/2 ULTRA-Highspeed O-III
8 x 300 s
f/2 ULTRA-Highspeed H-alpha
8 x 300 s
UHC-S + L-Filter
jeweils 13 x 180 s
RGB-CCD Filter
je Kanal 13 x 180 s
However, nature did not quite agree with my plan. The following days and nights were marked by clouds and rain, which was very good for the island after a hot, dry summer, but it caused me long waiting hours. This weather is quite normal for this time of the year - this was already clear to me when I planned the trip at the end of October. My hope was that I would be granted at least a few clear nights.
Ready for the night: Camera, heating tape and autoguider at the telescope.
But only when my one-week stay on La Palma was already coming to an end, a very good night followed. The seeing was above expectations and the transparency was only slightly affected by a very light Calima.
The fast RASA 8 made it possible for me to insert all missing filters in one night or to improve the pictures from the first night. To understand: with an aperture ratio of (e.g.) f/5.6 I would have needed 36 hours of exposure time - and every night on the island would have had to be equally good...
All data was processed with dark and bias. I refrained from using flats, because preliminary tests had already shown that an extraordinarily good illumination could be achieved with the chosen setup.
All single images were measured in PixInsight and evaluated regarding FWHM, roundness and signal. I registered all subframes on the best single frame. So I could collect a total of 275 min exposure time at f/2.0, which would correspond onto 550 min at f/2.8, 1100 min at f/4 and 2200 min or 36.6h at f/5.6!
After I had integrated the data for each filter into a sum image, I was able to examine the averaged images in advance. The 3.5nm H-alpha data showed a ring and single HII regions in the M31 galaxy, clear and sharply resolved, and this at only 400mm focal length! The O-III data, however, did not show any special features.
The finally processed sum image: Andromeda galaxy (M31), © Christoph Kaltseis
During image processing I first merged the averaged luminance image with the averaged UHC-S image. These two images formed the basis for an enormous depth. The RGB data were calculated into a color sum image and color calibrated (with GAIA + APASS).
Then I merged the luminance and UHC-S data with the RGB data in Adobe Photoshop without any loss of depth or color information. In this image I then embedded the H-Alpha signal into the red channel in such a way that it matched the R. I proceeded in the same way with green channel and the O-III signal.
The balance in depth and the reproduction of the narrow band data was very important and could be done with some knowledge. After that I had a deep recording of M31, which combines UHC-S + Luminance + R + H-alpha + G + O-III + B.
With this I almost finished my M31 shot in Photoshop, and now the final touch was made. To make the very bright center look natural, I overlaid the image with the H-alpha data. That was extremely delicate! But I am more than satisfied with the result, because a lot of details could be brought out at only 400mm focal length.
From my point of view the effort and the strict selection of the data paid off. 275 min exposure time and 400mm focal length, with a very handy and absolutely focus-stable lens – who would have thought this before?!
November 2019, Christoph Kaltseis
www.cedic.at
THE EQUIPMENT: Perfectly matched
The vast Andromeda galaxy is ideal for the RASA 8" with 400 mm focal length and a camera with Micro-Fourthirds sensor. With a weight of almost 7.7 kg the telescope is very easy to transport. For this picture an exposure series was made (see above). The stars are sharp up to the edges - for this amount of sharpness a fast camera lens would have to be stopped down.
RASA 8" Astrograph
Celestron RASA 8" f/2,0 Schmidt-Astrograph
The RASA 8 transfers the concept of the fast Schmidt-Camera into the digital age: The camera is mounted at the primary focus of the telescope, a corrector ensures a flat field of view. Thus, with the 8" RASA at 400 mm focal length and 203 mm aperture a very compact and high-quality f/2 astrograph could be built. Since the RASA is based on the Schmidt-Cassegrain design, the price is also very attractive.
Example image: QHY 174 camera
QHY 163M Camera with Baader FCCT
The QHY 163M is a cooled CMOS camera with Micro-Fourthirds Sensor. Its compact, lightweight housing is ideal for digital Schmidt cameras where it sits in front of the lens. The monochrome sensor is sensitive across the entire spectrum and shows exceptionally good sensitivity for the finest brightness gradations. Together with the appropriate filters, colour photos with very short exposure times are possible. With the soon available short Baader FCCT (Filter Changer & Camera Tilter) the filters can easily be exchanged and above all the image position of the QHY camera can be adjusted on the fly from the side, while mounted at the telescope, without any problems.
Coming Soon: Baader f/2 ULTRA Highspeed Filter
COMING SOON:
Baader f/2 ULTRA-Highspeed Filters
At an aperture ratio of f/2, normal narrow-band filters no longer work. Due to the extremely oblique incident light cone, with entrance angles of 0 degrees (image center) to 14 degrees (image edge), the filter coating technology is at its very limit. The upcoming new Baader f/2 ULTRA-Highspeed filters are designed for fast astrographs with aperture ratios between f/1.8 and f/3.5. They will become available for the wavelengths H-Alpha, S-II and O-III in all standard dimensions. With such filters the colors in the star forming regions, e.g. here of M31, can be displayed without any vignetting and with full S/N-ratio..
About the author: Christoph Kaltseis
Christoph is not only an Adobe Photoshop specialist and as Nikon Professional touring for Nikon, but also an experienced astrophotographer. He is one of the founders of the Central European DeepSky Imaging Conference (www.cedic.at), which is held every two years in Linz since 2009.
In addition to his various projects, Christoph has developed an innovative image sharpening process called APF-R (Absolute Point of Focus)in recent years. The procedure is not always the same, but is adapted to the combination of lens and camera. Therefore, a flexible method was necessary to achieve the desired results.
In his career as an astrophotographer Christoph has also created several APODs (NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day), e.g. the APF-R-processed image of the M33 Galaxy or the Heart of the Orion Nebula (M42).
Great article Christoph!
Could you tell us a little more about the experience with the new Baader Ultra Highspeed filters? Especially the halo issue that exists with current Baader F2 Highspeed S2 and O3 filters.
Hello from Upper Austria,
There is no halo issue that I did encounter with the f/2 Baader filters themselves. But there is an issue with the RASA 8 owing to the extremely low backfocus and in lesser form also with my RASA 11" - because there is so much optics placed so near to the chip, due to the corrector optics in the RASA.
This is the same issue by the way, that all other imagers experience, when they have to use a field flattener in the refractor and these additional lenses are in close vicinity to the chip plane. All I can say is that other filters I tried don't work with the same effectiveness.
Have a nice day, Christoph